The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Zechmeister, M.; Dreizler, S.; Ribas, I.; Reiners, A.; Caballero, J. A.; Bauer, F. F.; Béjar, V. J. S.; González-Cuesta, L.; Herrero, E.; Lalitha, S.; López-González, M. J.; Luque, R.; Morales, J. C.; Pallé, E.; Rodríguez, E.; Rodríguez López, C.; Tal-Or, L.; Anglada-Escudé, G.; Quirrenbach, A.; Amado, P. J.; Abril, M.; Aceituno, F. J.; Aceituno, J.; Alonso-Floriano, F. J.; Ammler-Von Eiff, M.; Antona Jiménez, R.; Anwand-Heerwart, H.; Arroyo-Torres, B.; Azzaro, M.; Baroch, D.; Barrado, D.; Becerril, S.; Benítez, D.; Berdiñas, Z. M.; Bergond, G.; Bluhm, P.; Brinkmöller, M.; del Burgo, C.; Calvo Ortega, R.; Cano, J.; Cardona Guillén, C.; Carro, J.; Cárdenas Vázquez, M. C.; Casal, E.; Casasayas-Barris, N.; Casanova, V.; Chaturvedi, P.; Cifuentes, C.; Claret, A.; Colomé, J.; Cortés-Contreras, M.; Czesla, S.; Díez-Alonso, E.; Dorda, R.; Fernández, M.; Fernández-Martín, A.; Fuhrmeister, B.; Fukui, A.; Galadí-Enríquez, D.; Gallardo Cava, I.; Garcia de la Fuente, J.; Garcia-Piquer, A.; García Vargas, M. L.; Gesa, L.; Góngora Rueda, J.; González-Álvarez, E.; González Hernández, J. I.; González-Peinado, R.; Grözinger, U.; Guàrdia, J.; Guijarro, A.; de Guindos, E.; Hatzes, A. P.; Hauschildt, P. H.; Hedrosa, R. P.; Helmling, J.; Henning, T.; Hermelo, I.; Hernández Arabi, R.; Hernández Castaño, L.; Hernández Otero, F.; Hintz, D.; Huke, P.; Huber, A.; Jeffers, S. V.; Johnson, E. N.; de Juan, E.; Kaminski, A.; Kemmer, J.; Kim, M.; Klahr, H.; Klein, R.; Klüter, J.; Klutsch, A.; Kossakowski, D.; Kürster, M.; Labarga, F.; Lafarga, M.; Llamas, M.; Lampón, M.; Lara, L. M.; Launhardt, R.; Lázaro, F. J.; Lodieu, N.; López del Fresno, M.; López-Puertas, M.; López Salas, J. F.; López-Santiago, J.; Magán Madinabeitia, H.; Mall, U.; Mancini, L.; Mandel, H.; Marfil, E.; Marín Molina, J. A.; Maroto Fernández, D.; Martín, E. L.; Martín-Fernández, P.; Martín-Ruiz, S.; Marvin, C. J.; Mirabet, E.; Montañés-Rodríguez, P.; Montes, D.; Moreno-Raya, M. E.; Nagel, E.; Naranjo, V.; Narita, N.; Nortmann, L.; Nowak, G.; Ofir, A.; Oshagh, M.; Panduro, J.; Parviainen, H.; Pascual, J.; Passegger, V. M.; Pavlov, A.; Pedraz, S.; Pérez-Calpena, A.; Pérez Medialdea, D.; Perger, M.; Perryman, M. A. C.; Rabaza, O.; Ramón Ballesta, A.; Rebolo, R.; Redondo, P.; Reffert, S.; Reinhardt, S.; Rhode, P.; Rix, H.-W.; Rodler, F.; Rodríguez Trinidad, A.; Rosich, A.; Sadegi, S.; Sánchez-Blanco, E.; Sánchez Carrasco, M. A.; Sánchez-López, A.; Sanz-Forcada, J.; Sarkis, P.; Sarmiento, L. F.; Schäfer, S.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M.; Schöfer, P.; Schweitzer, A.; Seifert, W.; Shulyak, D.; Solano, E.; Sota, A.; Stahl, O.; Stock, S.; Strachan, J. B. P.; Stuber, T.; Stürmer, J.; Suárez, J. C.; Tabernero, H. M.; Tala Pinto, M.; Trifonov, T.; Veredas, G.; Vico Linares, J. I.; Vilardell, F.; Wagner, K.; Wolthoff, V.; Xu, W.; Yan, F.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.

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Mathias Zechmeister
Zechmeister et al., 2019

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Astronomy & Astrophysics, (627), p. A49, 2019

DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201935460

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@article{Zechmeister2019,
  abstract = {Context. Teegarden’s Star is the brightest and one of the nearest ultra-cool dwarfs in the solar neighbourhood. For its late spectral type (M7.0 V), the star shows relatively little activity and is a prime target for near-infrared radial velocity surveys such as CARMENES. Aims. As part of the CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs, we obtained more than 200 radial-velocity measurements of Teegarden’s Star and analysed them for planetary signals. Methods. We find periodic variability in the radial velocities of Teegarden’s Star. We also studied photometric measurements to rule out stellar brightness variations mimicking planetary signals. Results. We find evidence for two planet candidates, each with 1.1 M<sub>⊕</sub> minimum mass, orbiting at periods of 4.91 and 11.4 d, respectively. No evidence for planetary transits could be found in archival and follow-up photometry. Small photometric variability is suggestive of slow rotation and old age. Conclusions. The two planets are among the lowest-mass planets discovered so far, and they are the first Earth-mass planets around an ultra-cool dwarf for which the masses have been determined using radial velocities.},
  author = {Zechmeister, M. and Dreizler, S. and Ribas, I. and Reiners, A. and Caballero, J. A. and Bauer, F. F. and Béjar, V. J. S. and González-Cuesta, L. and Herrero, E. and Lalitha, S. and López-González, M. J. and Luque, R. and Morales, J. C. and Pallé, E. and Rodríguez, E. and Rodríguez López, C. and Tal-Or, L. and Anglada-Escudé, G. and Quirrenbach, A. and Amado, P. J. and Abril, M. and Aceituno, F. J. and Aceituno, J. and Alonso-Floriano, F. J. and Ammler-Von Eiff, M. and Antona Jiménez, R. and Anwand-Heerwart, H. and Arroyo-Torres, B. and Azzaro, M. and Baroch, D. and Barrado, D. and Becerril, S. and Benítez, D. and Berdiñas, Z. M. and Bergond, G. and Bluhm, P. and Brinkmöller, M. and del Burgo, C. and Calvo Ortega, R. and Cano, J. and Cardona Guillén, C. and Carro, J. and Cárdenas Vázquez, M. C. and Casal, E. and Casasayas-Barris, N. and Casanova, V. and Chaturvedi, P. and Cifuentes, C. and Claret, A. and Colomé, J. and Cortés-Contreras, M. and Czesla, S. and Díez-Alonso, E. and Dorda, R. and Fernández, M. and Fernández-Martín, A. and Fuhrmeister, B. and Fukui, A. and Galadí-Enríquez, D. and Gallardo Cava, I. and Garcia de la Fuente, J. and Garcia-Piquer, A. and García Vargas, M. L. and Gesa, L. and Góngora Rueda, J. and González-Álvarez, E. and González Hernández, J. I. and González-Peinado, R. and Grözinger, U. and Guàrdia, J. and Guijarro, A. and de Guindos, E. and Hatzes, A. P. and Hauschildt, P. H. and Hedrosa, R. P. and Helmling, J. and Henning, T. and Hermelo, I. and Hernández Arabi, R. and Hernández Castaño, L. and Hernández Otero, F. and Hintz, D. and Huke, P. and Huber, A. and Jeffers, S. V. and Johnson, E. N. and de Juan, E. and Kaminski, A. and Kemmer, J. and Kim, M. and Klahr, H. and Klein, R. and Klüter, J. and Klutsch, A. and Kossakowski, D. and Kürster, M. and Labarga, F. and Lafarga, M. and Llamas, M. and Lampón, M. and Lara, L. M. and Launhardt, R. and Lázaro, F. J. and Lodieu, N. and López del Fresno, M. and López-Puertas, M. and López Salas, J. F. and López-Santiago, J. and Magán Madinabeitia, H. and Mall, U. and Mancini, L. and Mandel, H. and Marfil, E. and Marín Molina, J. A. and Maroto Fernández, D. and Martín, E. L. and Martín-Fernández, P. and Martín-Ruiz, S. and Marvin, C. J. and Mirabet, E. and Montañés-Rodríguez, P. and Montes, D. and Moreno-Raya, M. E. and Nagel, E. and Naranjo, V. and Narita, N. and Nortmann, L. and Nowak, G. and Ofir, A. and Oshagh, M. and Panduro, J. and Parviainen, H. and Pascual, J. and Passegger, V. M. and Pavlov, A. and Pedraz, S. and Pérez-Calpena, A. and Pérez Medialdea, D. and Perger, M. and Perryman, M. A. C. and Rabaza, O. and Ramón Ballesta, A. and Rebolo, R. and Redondo, P. and Reffert, S. and Reinhardt, S. and Rhode, P. and Rix, H.-W. and Rodler, F. and Rodríguez Trinidad, A. and Rosich, A. and Sadegi, S. and Sánchez-Blanco, E. and Sánchez Carrasco, M. A. and Sánchez-López, A. and Sanz-Forcada, J. and Sarkis, P. and Sarmiento, L. F. and Schäfer, S. and Schmitt, J. H. M. M. and Schöfer, P. and Schweitzer, A. and Seifert, W. and Shulyak, D. and Solano, E. and Sota, A. and Stahl, O. and Stock, S. and Strachan, J. B. P. and Stuber, T. and Stürmer, J. and Suárez, J. C. and Tabernero, H. M. and Tala Pinto, M. and Trifonov, T. and Veredas, G. and Vico Linares, J. I. and Vilardell, F. and Wagner, K. and Wolthoff, V. and Xu, W. and Yan, F. and Zapatero Osorio, M. R.},
  doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201935460},
  journal = {Astronomy & Astrophysics},
  month = {jul},
  pages = {A49},
  title = {The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs},
  url = {https://oadoi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935460},
  volume = {627},
  year = {2019}
}

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The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Journal article published in 2019 by M. Zechmeister

, S. Dreizler, I. Ribas

, A. Reiners, J. A. Caballero

, F. F. Bauer, V. J. S. Béjar, L. González-Cuesta, E. Herrero, S. Lalitha, M. J. López-González

, R. Luque

, J. C. Morales

, E. Pallé, E. Rodríguez and other authors. M. Zechmeister

, S. Dreizler, I. Ribas

, A. Reiners, J. A. Caballero

, F. F. Bauer, V. J. S. Béjar, L. González-Cuesta, E. Herrero, S. Lalitha, M. J. López-González

, R. Luque

, J. C. Morales

, E. Pallé, E. Rodríguez, C. Rodríguez López

, L. Tal-Or, G. Anglada-Escudé, A. Quirrenbach, P. J. Amado

, M. Abril, F. J. Aceituno, J. Aceituno, F. J. Alonso-Floriano, M. Ammler-Von Eiff, R. Antona Jiménez, H. Anwand-Heerwart, B. Arroyo-Torres, M. Azzaro, D. Baroch, D. Barrado

, S. Becerril, D. Benítez, Z. M. Berdiñas, G. Bergond, P. Bluhm, M. Brinkmöller, C. del Burgo, R. Calvo Ortega, J. Cano, C. Cardona Guillén, J. Carro, M. C. Cárdenas Vázquez, E. Casal, N. Casasayas-Barris, V. Casanova, P. Chaturvedi, C. Cifuentes, A. Claret

, J. Colomé, M. Cortés-Contreras, S. Czesla, E. Díez-Alonso, R. Dorda, M. Fernández, A. Fernández-Martín, B. Fuhrmeister, A. Fukui, D. Galadí-Enríquez, I. Gallardo Cava, J. Garcia de la Fuente, A. Garcia-Piquer, M. L. García Vargas, L. Gesa, J. Góngora Rueda, E. González-Álvarez, J. I. González Hernández

, R. González-Peinado, U. Grözinger, J. Guàrdia, A. Guijarro, E. de Guindos, A. P. Hatzes, P. H. Hauschildt, R. P. Hedrosa, J. Helmling, T. Henning, I. Hermelo, R. Hernández Arabi, L. Hernández Castaño, F. Hernández Otero, D. Hintz, P. Huke, A. Huber, S. V. Jeffers, E. N. Johnson, E. de Juan, A. Kaminski, J. Kemmer

, M. Kim, H. Klahr

, R. Klein, J. Klüter, A. Klutsch, D. Kossakowski, M. Kürster, F. Labarga, M. Lafarga, M. Llamas, M. Lampón

, L. M. Lara

, R. Launhardt, F. J. Lázaro, N. Lodieu, M. López del Fresno, M. López-Puertas

, J. F. López Salas, J. López-Santiago, H. Magán Madinabeitia, U. Mall, L. Mancini, H. Mandel, E. Marfil, J. A. Marín Molina, D. Maroto Fernández, E. L. Martín, P. Martín-Fernández, S. Martín-Ruiz, C. J. Marvin, E. Mirabet, P. Montañés-Rodríguez, D. Montes

, M. E. Moreno-Raya, E. Nagel, V. Naranjo, N. Narita, L. Nortmann, G. Nowak, A. Ofir, M. Oshagh, J. Panduro, H. Parviainen, J. Pascual, V. M. Passegger, A. Pavlov, S. Pedraz, A. Pérez-Calpena, D. Pérez Medialdea, M. Perger, M. A. C. Perryman, O. Rabaza, A. Ramón Ballesta, R. Rebolo

, P. Redondo, S. Reffert, S. Reinhardt, P. Rhode, H.-W. Rix, F. Rodler, A. Rodríguez Trinidad, A. Rosich, S. Sadegi, E. Sánchez-Blanco, M. A. Sánchez Carrasco, A. Sánchez-López, J. Sanz-Forcada, P. Sarkis, L. F. Sarmiento, S. Schäfer, J. H. M. M. Schmitt, P. Schöfer, A. Schweitzer, W. Seifert, D. Shulyak, E. Solano, A. Sota, O. Stahl, S. Stock

, J. B. P. Strachan, T. Stuber, J. Stürmer, J. C. Suárez, H. M. Tabernero, M. Tala Pinto, T. Trifonov, G. Veredas, J. I. Vico Linares, F. Vilardell, K. Wagner, V. Wolthoff, W. Xu, F. Yan

, M. R. Zapatero Osorio

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Abstract

Context. Teegarden’s Star is the brightest and one of the nearest ultra-cool dwarfs in the solar neighbourhood. For its late spectral type (M7.0 V), the star shows relatively little activity and is a prime target for near-infrared radial velocity surveys such as CARMENES. Aims. As part of the CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs, we obtained more than 200 radial-velocity measurements of Teegarden’s Star and analysed them for planetary signals. Methods. We find periodic variability in the radial velocities of Teegarden’s Star. We also studied photometric measurements to rule out stellar brightness variations mimicking planetary signals. Results. We find evidence for two planet candidates, each with 1.1 M_⊕ minimum mass, orbiting at periods of 4.91 and 11.4 d, respectively. No evidence for planetary transits could be found in archival and follow-up photometry. Small photometric variability is suggestive of slow rotation and old age. Conclusions. The two planets are among the lowest-mass planets discovered so far, and they are the first Earth-mass planets around an ultra-cool dwarf for which the masses have been determined using radial velocities.

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The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Abstract