Observations of the evolution of large-scale structures in the Universe provides unique tools to confront Einstein’s theory of General Relativity on cosmological scales. We review weak gravitational lensing and galaxy clustering studies, discussing how these can be used in combination in order to constrain a range of different modified gravity theories. We argue that in order to maximise the future information gain from these probes, theoretical effort will be required in order to model the impact of beyond-Einstein gravity in the nonlinear regime of structure formation.